C3 Assistant

LEFT, the situation sketch: a right triangle for the incline with the ground from 0, 0 to 8, 0, a vertical from 8, 0 to 8, 4.619, and the slope from 0, 0 up to 8, 4.619 — but draw the slope line in two pieces, 0, 0 to 2.598, 1.5 and 4.330, 2.5 to 8, 4.619, because the block sits on it between those points. The block is a polygon with corners 2.598, 1.5 then 4.330, 2.5 then 3.730, 3.539 then 1.998, 2.539 — its bottom face IS the slope under it. Put the text "50 lb" in 0.3-inch letters centered inside the block at 3.164, 2.520. Dimension the incline angle with an angular dimension between the ground line and the lower slope piece, arc 1.5 inches from the corner at 0, 0 — it must read 30°. Title the sketch "BLOCK ON A 30° INCLINE" in 0.35-inch text centered at 4, 5.4. RIGHT, the free-body diagram: the same block shifted 12 inches right — corners 14.598, 1.5 then 16.330, 2.5 then 15.730, 3.539 then 13.998, 2.539 — with NO incline drawn, and three force vectors starting at the block's centre 15.164, 2.520, each a line plus a FILLED triangle arrowhead — filled solid black, not an outline. Weight W straight down: shaft from the centre to 15.164, 0.320, arrowhead with corners 15.014, 0.320 and 15.314, 0.320 and tip 15.164, 0.020, label "W = 50 lb" in 0.3-inch text centered at 15.164, -0.35. Normal force N perpendicular to the slope, up and to the left: shaft from the centre to 14.064, 4.425, arrowhead corners 14.194, 4.500 and 13.934, 4.350, tip 13.914, 4.685, label "N" centered at 13.71, 5.03. Friction f up the slope: shaft from the centre to 16.636, 3.370, arrowhead corners 16.561, 3.500 and 16.711, 3.240, tip 16.896, 3.520, label "f" centered at 17.25, 3.72. Title it "FREE-BODY DIAGRAM" in 0.35-inch text at 15.2, 6.0. Below it two 0.25-inch notes: "N = W cos 30° = 43.3 lb" at 15.2, -1.0 and "f = W sin 30° = 25.0 lb (ΣF = 0, AT REST)" at 15.2, -1.5. The vectors are allowed to cross the block's outline — that is how a free-body diagram is drawn. Run check_overlaps when you are done and fix anything it flags.”

The optical axis is a horizontal line from -12, 0 to 12, 0. The lens is at x = 0, drawn double-convex as two arcs meeting at 0, 3.5 and 0, -3.5: the right surface is an arc centered at -15.113, 0 with radius 15.513 from -13.04° to 13.04°, the left surface is an arc centered at 15.113, 0 with radius 15.513 from 166.96° to 193.04°. Mark the focal points with short vertical ticks 0.3 tall crossing the axis at -4, 0 and 4, 0, labeled "F" in 0.3-inch text centered at -4, -0.5 and "F'" centered at 4, 0.5. Label "2F" centered at -8, -0.5 and "2F'" centered at 8, 0.5. The OBJECT is an upright arrow at x = -8: a line from -8, 0 to -8, 1.7 with a FILLED triangle arrowhead — filled solid black, not an outline — corners -8.15, 1.7 and -7.85, 1.7, tip -8, 2.0; label "OBJECT" in 0.3-inch text centered at -8, 2.6. The IMAGE is an inverted arrow at x = 8: a line from 8, 0 to 8, -1.7 with a filled arrowhead, corners 7.85, -1.7 and 8.15, -1.7, tip 8, -2.0; label "IMAGE" centered at 8, -2.6 and "REAL, INVERTED, m = -1" in 0.25-inch text centered at 8, -3.05. Now the three principal rays, all starting at the object tip -8, 2: ray 1 runs parallel to the axis from -8, 2 to 0, 2 and then bends through F' to the image tip, a line from 0, 2 to 8, -2. Ray 2 goes straight through the centre of the lens undeviated, one line from -8, 2 to 8, -2. Ray 3 passes through F on its way to the lens, a line from -8, 2 to 0, -2, and leaves parallel to the axis, a line from 0, -2 to 8, -2. Dimension the object height with a vertical dimension from -8, 0 to -8, 2, offset 1 inch to the left, prefix "h = ", and the image height with a vertical dimension from 8, 0 to 8, -2, offset 1 inch to the right, prefix "h' = ". Label the lens "CONVERGING LENS f = 4 IN" in 0.3-inch text centered at 0, 4.1 and title the drawing "THIN LENS RAY DIAGRAM — OBJECT AT 2f" in 0.35-inch text centered at 0, 5.0. Two 0.25-inch notes below: "1/s + 1/s' = 1/f : 1/8 + 1/8 = 1/4" at 0, -5.0 and "PARALLEL RAY → F', CENTRE RAY UNDEVIATED, F RAY → PARALLEL" at 0, -5.5. Rays crossing the lens and each other is correct. Run check_overlaps when you are done and fix anything it flags.”

Five horizontal level lines, each from x = 0 to x = 5: n = ∞ at y = 0 drawn DASHED, n = 4 at y = -0.68, n = 3 at y = -1.209, n = 2 at y = -2.72 and n = 1 at y = -10.88 — these are E = -13.6 eV / n² at 0.8 inches per eV. Label each level on the left with 0.22-inch text right-justified at x = -0.3 on the level's y: "n = ∞", "n = 4", "n = 3", "n = 2", "n = 1"; and on the right with 0.22-inch text left-justified at x = 5.3: "0 eV", "-0.85 eV", "-1.51 eV", "-3.40 eV", "-13.6 eV". Then four transitions, each a vertical line plus a FILLED triangle arrowhead 0.2 wide and 0.3 tall — filled solid black, not an outline — with its tip ON the destination level. Lyman-alpha, n = 2 to n = 1, at x = 1.0: shaft from 1.0, -2.72 down to 1.0, -10.58, arrowhead corners 0.9, -10.58 and 1.1, -10.58, tip 1.0, -10.88. H-alpha, n = 3 to n = 2, at x = 1.8: shaft from 1.8, -1.209 to 1.8, -2.42, arrowhead corners 1.7, -2.42 and 1.9, -2.42, tip 1.8, -2.72. H-beta, n = 4 to n = 2, at x = 2.8: shaft from 2.8, -0.68 to 2.8, -2.42, arrowhead corners 2.7, -2.42 and 2.9, -2.42, tip 2.8, -2.72. Ionization, n = 1 up to n = ∞, at x = 4.0 pointing UP: shaft from 4.0, -10.88 to 4.0, -0.30, arrowhead corners 3.9, -0.30 and 4.1, -0.30, tip 4.0, 0. Label each transition with 0.16-inch text rotated 90 degrees so it reads upward, centered 0.25 to the left of its shaft at mid-height: "Lyα 122 nm" at 0.75, -6.8; "Hα 656 nm" at 1.55, -1.96; "Hβ 486 nm" at 2.55, -1.7; and "IONIZATION 13.6 eV" centered 0.25 to the RIGHT of its shaft at 4.25, -5.4. Title "HYDROGEN ATOM ENERGY LEVELS E = -13.6 eV / n²" in 0.3-inch text centered at 2.5, 0.8. Two 0.22-inch notes below: "SCALE 0.8 IN PER eV — n = 5 AND ABOVE OMITTED" at 2.5, -11.5 and "BALMER LINES (TO n = 2) ARE VISIBLE; LYMAN (TO n = 1) IS ULTRAVIOLET" at 2.5, -11.9. Arrows crossing level lines is correct. Run check_overlaps when you are done and fix anything it flags.”

The front face is the square with corners 0, 0 and 4, 0 and 4, 4 and 0, 4; the back face is the same square shifted by 1.414, 1.414, so its corners are 1.414, 1.414 and 5.414, 1.414 and 5.414, 5.414 and 1.414, 5.414. Draw the twelve cube edges as separate lines: the four front-face edges, the four back-face edges, and the four depth edges joining each front corner to its back corner. Three of them are hidden behind the front face and must be DASHED: the back-bottom edge from 1.414, 1.414 to 5.414, 1.414, the back-left vertical from 1.414, 1.414 to 1.414, 5.414, and the depth edge from 0, 0 to 1.414, 1.414. Atoms are circles of radius 0.3: an OPEN circle at each of the eight corners, and a FILLED circle — filled solid black — at each of the six face centres: front 2, 2; back 3.414, 3.414; left 0.707, 2.707; right 4.707, 2.707; top 2.707, 4.707; bottom 2.707, 0.707. The back corner atom at 1.414, 1.414 and the back-face atom at 3.414, 3.414 are hidden, so draw those two circles dashed and leave the back-face one unfilled. Every edge stops at the surface of the atom at each end — 0.3 short of the corner — so no line runs into a circle. Dimension the front-bottom edge from 0, 0 to 4, 0 with a linear dimension offset 1 inch below, prefix "a = ". Title it "FACE-CENTERED CUBIC (FCC) UNIT CELL — Cu, a = 3.61 Å" in 0.35-inch text centered at 2.7, 6.4. Add a legend to the right in 0.25-inch text, left-justified: an open circle of radius 0.2 at 7.5, 3.5 with "CORNER ATOM — 8 × 1/8 = 1" starting at 7.9, 3.5; a filled circle of radius 0.2 at 7.5, 3.0 with "FACE-CENTER ATOM — 6 × 1/2 = 3" starting at 7.9, 3.0; and "4 ATOMS PER UNIT CELL" starting at 7.3, 2.4. One 0.22-inch note below: "CABINET PROJECTION: DEPTH AXIS AT 45°, FORESHORTENED ½ — HIDDEN EDGES DASHED" centered at 2.7, -1.8. Run check_overlaps when you are done and fix anything it flags.”

Atoms are 0.45-inch letters centered exactly at these points: C at 0, 0; H at -2.3, 0; H at 0, 2.3; H at 0, -2.3; C at 2.3, 0; O at 2.3, 2.3; O at 4.6, 0; H at 6.9, 0. Bonds are lines between atom centres that stop 0.35 inches short of the letters at both ends: the three C–H bonds from the first carbon to its three hydrogens, the C–C bond from 0, 0 to 2.3, 0, the C–O single bond from 2.3, 0 to 4.6, 0, and the O–H bond from 4.6, 0 to 6.9, 0. The C=O DOUBLE bond from 2.3, 0 up to 2.3, 2.3 is two parallel lines 0.16 apart — one at x = 2.22 and one at x = 2.38, each from y = 0.35 to y = 1.95. Enclose the carboxyl group with a DASHED rectangle from 1.55, -0.75 to 7.65, 3.05 and label it "CARBOXYL GROUP –COOH" in 0.25-inch text centered at 4.6, 3.4. Title "ACETIC ACID CH3COOH (ETHANOIC ACID)" in 0.35-inch text centered at 2.5, 4.3. Two 0.22-inch notes below: "ALL BONDS DRAWN 2.3 IN — NOT TO SCALE" at 2.5, -3.3 and "C=O 1.21 Å C–O 1.36 Å C–C 1.52 Å O–H 0.97 Å" at 2.5, -3.7. The C–C bond crossing the dashed box is correct. Do not put circles around the letters. Run check_overlaps when you are done and fix anything it flags.”

The pin joints are at O2 = 0, 0 (ground pivot), A = 1.000, 1.732 (crank pin), B = 7.2221, 4.939 (rocker pin) and O4 = 8, 0 (ground pivot); draw a circle of radius 0.2 at each. The links are lines between pin centres that stop at the circles, 0.2 short of each centre: the crank O2–A, the coupler A–B and the rocker B–O4 as solid lines, and the ground link O2–O4 as a DASHED line. Put a ground symbol under each ground pivot: an open triangle with its apex 0.2 below the pivot and a base 0.7 wide 0.5 lower — for O2 the apex at 0, -0.2 and base corners -0.35, -0.7 and 0.35, -0.7 — a ground line 1.2 long under the base from -0.6, -0.7 to 0.6, -0.7, and five short hatch ticks below it, each from a point on the ground line down-left to 0.15 left and 0.2 below, at x = -0.4, -0.2, 0, 0.2 and 0.4; the same symbol shifted 8 to the right under O4. Label the joints in 0.3-inch text: "O2" centered at -1.0, -0.35; "A" at 1.2, 2.25; "B" at 7.6, 5.4; "O4" at 7.35, 0.4. Dimension every link with an aligned dimension, pin centre to pin centre, offset 0.8 to the outside of the mechanism, with a prefix naming the link: the crank from 0, 0 to 1.000, 1.732 prefix "CRANK ", the coupler from 1.000, 1.732 to 7.2221, 4.939 prefix "COUPLER ", the rocker from 7.2221, 4.939 to 8, 0 prefix "ROCKER ", and the ground from 0, 0 to 8, 0 as a horizontal dimension offset 1.6 below prefix "GROUND ". They must read 2.000, 7.000, 5.000 and 8.000. Dimension the crank angle with an angular dimension between the ground link and the crank at O2, arc 1.2 inches from O2 — it must read 60°. Title "FOUR-BAR LINKAGE (CRANK-ROCKER) — CRANK AT 60°" in 0.35-inch text centered at 4, 7.0. Two 0.25-inch notes below: "GRASHOF: s + l = 2 + 8 = 10 ≤ p + q = 5 + 7 = 12 → THE CRANK TURNS FULLY" at 4, -2.6 and "PIN JOINTS ⌀0.4, LINK LENGTHS PIN TO PIN" at 4, -3.0. Run check_overlaps when you are done; if a joint label is flagged, move it just clear, and fix anything else it flags.”

The given segment AB is a line from 0, 0 to 4, 0. Draw the two construction circles DASHED: one centered at 0, 0 with radius 4 and one centered at 4, 0 with radius 4. Their upper intersection is C at 2, 3.464; draw the sides AC from 0, 0 to 2, 3.464 and BC from 4, 0 to 2, 3.464 as solid lines. Label the points in 0.4-inch text: "A" centered at -0.45, -0.45, "B" at 4.45, -0.45, "C" at 2, 3.95. Dimension all three sides: AB with a horizontal dimension offset 0.8 below; AC with an aligned dimension from 0, 0 to 2, 3.464 offset 0.8 to the outside (up-left); CB with an aligned dimension from 2, 3.464 to 4, 0 offset 0.8 to the outside (up-right). All three must read 4.000. Dimension the angle at A between AB and AC with an angular dimension, arc 1.2 inches from A — it must read 60°. Title "EUCLID, ELEMENTS I.1 — AN EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE ON A GIVEN SEGMENT" in 0.3-inch text centered at 2, 5.2. Then the construction steps as four 0.22-inch notes centered at x = 2: "1. CIRCLE CENTRE A, RADIUS AB" at y = -5.0; "2. CIRCLE CENTRE B, RADIUS BA" at y = -5.4; "3. C IS THEIR UPPER INTERSECTION" at y = -5.8; "4. JOIN AC AND BC — AC = AB = BC, SO ABC IS EQUILATERAL" at y = -6.2. Run check_overlaps when you are done and fix anything it flags.”

The Sun is a FILLED circle of radius 0.35 at 0, 0 — filled solid black — labeled "SUN" in 0.22-inch text centered at 0, -0.75. Four circular orbits centered at 0, 0 with radii 1.95, 3.60, 5.00 and 7.60 (that is 5 inches per AU: 0.39, 0.72, 1.00 and 1.52 AU). Planets are filled circles of radius 0.12: Mercury at 1.689, 0.975; Venus at -1.800, 3.118; Earth at -4.330, -2.500; Mars at 3.800, -6.582. Label each planet with 0.22-inch text running along its radius, outward from the planet and reading right-side up: "MERCURY" rotated 30 degrees, middle-left anchored at 1.949, 1.125; "VENUS" rotated -60 degrees, middle-right anchored at -1.950, 3.377; "EARTH" rotated 30 degrees, middle-right anchored at -4.590, -2.650; "MARS" rotated -60 degrees, middle-left anchored at 3.950, -6.841. Dimension the radius of Earth's orbit with a radius dimension at 60 degrees (up and to the right, where no planet sits) with the suffix " = 1.00 AU", so it reads R5.000 = 1.00 AU. Title "INNER SOLAR SYSTEM — PLAN VIEW, ECLIPTIC NORTH UP" in 0.4-inch text centered at 0, 9.2. Two 0.25-inch notes below: "MEAN ORBITAL RADII: MERCURY 0.39 AU, VENUS 0.72, EARTH 1.00, MARS 1.52 — SCALE 5 IN = 1 AU" at 0, -8.6 and "ORBITS DRAWN CIRCULAR; ALL MOTION COUNTERCLOCKWISE; BODY SIZES NOT TO SCALE" at 0, -9.1. The radius dimension's line crossing the inner orbits is fine. Run check_overlaps when you are done and fix anything it flags.”

Set the dimension text height to 0.2 first. THE BEAM: a rectangle from 0, 0 with width 10 and height 0.4. A pin support at the left end: an open triangle with apex 0, 0 and base corners -0.4, -0.6 and 0.4, -0.6, a ground line from -0.7, -0.6 to 0.7, -0.6, and five hatch ticks under it, each from a point on the ground line down-left to 0.15 left and 0.2 below, at x = -0.5, -0.25, 0, 0.25 and 0.5. A roller support at the right end: an open triangle with apex 10, 0 and base corners 9.6, -0.6 and 10.4, -0.6, two circles of radius 0.1 at 9.8, -0.7 and 10.2, -0.7, a ground line from 9.3, -0.8 to 10.7, -0.8, and five hatch ticks from that line at x = 9.5, 9.75, 10, 10.25 and 10.5. The load: a vertical line from 4, 2.0 down to 4, 0.7 with a FILLED triangle arrowhead — filled solid black, not an outline — corners 3.85, 0.7 and 4.15, 0.7, tip 4, 0.4 on the top of the beam; label "P = 1000 lb" in 0.25-inch text centered at 4, 2.35. Reaction labels in 0.25-inch text, middle-left anchored: "RA = 600 lb" at 1.0, -0.9 and "RB = 400 lb" at 11.0, -0.9. Dimension the load position with horizontal dimensions from 0, 0 to 4, 0 and from 4, 0 to 10, 0, both offset 2.0 below, and the span from 0, 0 to 10, 0 offset 2.7 below with the prefix "L = ". THE SHEAR DIAGRAM: a baseline from 0, -5.0 to 10, -5.0 and a polyline through 0, -5.0 then 0, -3.8 then 4, -3.8 then 4, -5.8 then 10, -5.8 then 10, -5.0. Label "+600" in 0.22-inch text centered at 2, -3.55 and "-400" centered at 7, -6.1; "V (lb)" middle-right anchored at -0.4, -5.0; title "SHEAR" in 0.25-inch text centered at 5, -3.3. THE MOMENT DIAGRAM: a baseline from 0, -9.5 to 10, -9.5 and a polyline through 0, -9.5 then 4, -7.1 then 10, -9.5. Label "Mmax = 2400 lb·ft" in 0.22-inch text centered at 4, -6.85; "M (lb·ft)" middle-right anchored at -0.4, -9.5; title "BENDING MOMENT" in 0.25-inch text centered at 5, -10.0. Title the whole drawing "SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM — SHEAR AND MOMENT" in 0.35-inch text centered at 5, 3.2. Two 0.22-inch notes: "DRAWN 1 IN = 1 FT; V AT 1 IN = 500 lb; M AT 1 IN = 1000 lb·ft" centered at 5, -10.6 and "RA = P·b/L = 1000 × 6 / 10 = 600 lb, RB = 400 lb, Mmax = RA × a = 2400 lb·ft" centered at 5, -11.0. Run check_overlaps when you are done and fix anything it flags.”

Set the dimension text height to 0.2 first. The pipe centreline is a DASHED line from 0, 0 to 16, 0. The top wall is a polyline through 0, 1.5 then 4, 1.5 then 6, 0.75 then 8, 0.75 then 12, 1.5 then 16, 1.5; the bottom wall is its mirror, a polyline through 0, -1.5 then 4, -1.5 then 6, -0.75 then 8, -0.75 then 12, -1.5 then 16, -1.5. Flow enters from the left: a line from -3.4, 0 to -2.0, 0 with a FILLED triangle arrowhead — filled solid black, not an outline — corners -2.0, -0.15 and -2.0, 0.15, tip -1.7, 0; label "FLOW" in 0.25-inch text centered at -2.7, 0.45. Piezometer tube 1 stands on the inlet: two vertical lines at x = 1.85 and x = 2.15 from y = 1.5 up to y = 6.0, with the water level a short line from 1.85, 5.000 to 2.15, 5.000. Piezometer tube 2 stands on the throat: two vertical lines at x = 6.85 and x = 7.15 from y = 0.75 up to y = 6.0, with the water level a short line from 6.85, 2.205 to 7.15, 2.205. Label both "PIEZOMETER" in 0.2-inch text centered at 2, 6.35 and 7, 6.35. Dimension the inlet diameter with a vertical dimension from 0, -1.5 to 0, 1.5 offset 1.0 to the left, prefix "D1 = ". Dimension the head difference with a vertical dimension from 6.85, 2.205 to 6.85, 5.000 offset 2.0 to the left, prefix "Δh = ". Call out the throat with a leader reading "THROAT D2 = 1.5" with its text at 10.5, -2.6 and its arrow on the throat wall at 7.5, -0.75. Section labels in 0.22-inch text: "SECTION 1" centered at 2, -2.0 and "V1 = 1 ft/s" at 2, -2.4; "SECTION 2" centered at 7, -1.3 and "V2 = 4 ft/s" at 7, -1.7. Title "VENTURI METER — BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE (WATER)" in 0.35-inch text centered at 8, 7.5. Three 0.22-inch notes centered at x = 8: "A1 V1 = A2 V2: D1 = 3, D2 = 1.5 → A1/A2 = 4, SO V2 = 4 V1 = 4 ft/s" at y = -4.0; "p1 − p2 = ½ρ(V2² − V1²) → Δh = (V2² − V1²)/2g = 15/64.4 ft = 2.795 IN OF WATER" at y = -4.5; "PIPE AND TUBES DRAWN FULL SIZE; HEADS 5.000 AND 2.205 IN ABOVE THE CENTRELINE" at y = -5.0. Run check_overlaps when you are done and fix anything it flags.”

Phasors are a line plus a FILLED triangle arrowhead — filled solid black, not an outline. VR along the reference direction: a line from 0, 0 to 2.7, 0, arrowhead corners 2.7, -0.12 and 2.7, 0.12, tip 3, 0. VL from the tip of VR straight up: a line from 3, 0 to 3, 3.7, arrowhead corners 2.88, 3.7 and 3.12, 3.7, tip 3, 4. The resultant V from the origin to the tip of VL: a line from 0, 0 to 2.82, 3.76, arrowhead corners 2.724, 3.832 and 2.916, 3.688, tip 3, 4. The current phasor below, along the same reference direction: a line from 0, -1.0 to 1.7, -1.0, arrowhead corners 1.7, -1.12 and 1.7, -0.88, tip 2, -1.0. Labels in 0.22-inch text: "VR = IR = 60 V" centered at 1.5, -0.35; "VL = IXL = 80 V" middle-left anchored at 3.3, 2.0; "V = IZ = 100 V" middle-right anchored at 1.2, 2.5; "I = 2 A (REFERENCE)" middle-left anchored at 2.3, -1.0. Dimension the phase angle with an angular dimension between the VR line and the V line at the origin, arc 1.2 inches from the origin, prefix "φ = " — it must read φ = 53.1°. Title "PHASOR DIAGRAM — SERIES RL CIRCUIT" in 0.3-inch text centered at 2.5, 5.0. Three 0.22-inch notes centered at x = 2.5: "R = 30 Ω, XL = 40 Ω, Z = 30 + j40 = 50 ∠53.1° Ω" at y = -1.8; "I = 2 A → VR = 60 V, VL = 80 V, V = 100 V (SCALE 1 IN = 20 V)" at y = -2.2; "VL LEADS I BY 90°; V LEADS I BY φ; POWER FACTOR cos φ = 0.6" at y = -2.6. Run check_overlaps when you are done and fix anything it flags.”

Set the dimension text height to 0.2 first. Three vectors, each a line plus a FILLED triangle arrowhead — filled solid black, not an outline. The heading (water track), 090° at 10 kn: a line from 0, 0 to 4.7, 0, arrowhead corners 4.7, -0.12 and 4.7, 0.12, tip 5, 0. The current, set 180° drift 3 kn, from the end of the heading vector: a line from 5, 0 to 5, -1.2, arrowhead corners 4.88, -1.2 and 5.12, -1.2, tip 5, -1.5. The ground track from the origin to the end of the current vector: a line from 0, 0 to 4.712, -1.414, arrowhead corners 4.746, -1.299 and 4.678, -1.529, tip 5, -1.5. Labels in 0.22-inch text: "HEADING 090°, 10 kn (WATER TRACK)" centered at 2.5, 0.65; "CURRENT: SET 180°, DRIFT 3 kn" middle-left anchored at 5.3, -0.75; "COURSE MADE GOOD 106.7°, SOG 10.4 kn" centered at 2.0, -1.65. Dimension the drift angle with an angular dimension between the heading line and the ground-track line at the origin, arc 1.5 inches from the origin, suffix " DRIFT", with its text centered at 3.2, -0.5 — inside the angle, further out where the corner is wide enough to hold it — reading horizontally; C3 draws a leader from the arc to the text. It must read 16.7° DRIFT. Put a north arrow centered at -1.5, 1.2, 1 inch tall. Title "CURRENT VECTOR TRIANGLE — SET AND DRIFT" in 0.3-inch text centered at 2.5, 2.4. Two 0.22-inch notes centered at x = 2.5: "SCALE 1 IN = 2 kn; ONE-HOUR VECTORS: WATER TRACK + CURRENT = GROUND TRACK" at y = -2.6 and "SOG = √(10² + 3²) = 10.44 kn; DRIFT ANGLE = atan(3/10) = 16.7°; CMG = 090° + 16.7° = 106.7°" at y = -3.0. Run check_overlaps when you are done and fix anything it flags.”

Two states are circles of radius 0.9: LOCKED centered at 0, 0 and UNLOCKED centered at 6, 0, with their names in 0.25-inch text centered on the circle centres. Every arrowhead below is a FILLED triangle polygon — create it filled, solid black, not an outline. The start arrow: a line from -2.6, 0 to -1.2, 0 with an arrowhead of corners -1.2, -0.12 and -1.2, 0.12 and tip -0.9, 0. Transition COIN from LOCKED to UNLOCKED, curving over the top: an arc centered at 3, -2.877 with radius 4 from 56.3 to 123.7 degrees, arrowhead at its right end with tip 5.221, 0.45 and corners 5.038, 0.716 and 4.904, 0.517; label "COIN / UNLOCK" in 0.22-inch text centered at 3, 1.45. Transition PUSH from UNLOCKED back to LOCKED, curving under: an arc centered at 3, 2.877 with radius 4 from 236.3 to 303.7 degrees, arrowhead at its left end with tip 0.779, -0.45 and corners 0.962, -0.716 and 1.096, -0.517; label "PUSH / LOCK" centered at 3, -1.45. The LOCKED self-loop (push while locked) sits on top of the state: an arc centered at 0, 1.35 with radius 0.75 from 308.9 to 231.1 degrees, arrowhead with tip -0.471, 0.767 and corners -0.629, 1.049 and -0.780, 0.862; label "PUSH" centered at 0, 2.4. The UNLOCKED self-loop (a second coin) is the same loop shifted 6 to the right: an arc centered at 6, 1.35 with radius 0.75 from 308.9 to 231.1 degrees, arrowhead with tip 5.529, 0.767 and corners 5.371, 1.049 and 5.220, 0.862; label "COIN" centered at 6, 2.4. Title "FINITE-STATE MACHINE — TURNSTILE" in 0.3-inch text centered at 3, 3.2. Two 0.22-inch notes centered at x = 3: "STATES: LOCKED (START), UNLOCKED. INPUTS: COIN, PUSH." at y = -2.4 and "COIN UNLOCKS; PUSH RELOCKS; A SECOND COIN, OR A PUSH WHILE LOCKED, CHANGES NOTHING" at y = -2.8. Run check_overlaps when you are done and fix anything it flags.”

Tip stems are vertical lines: LAMPREY from 0, 6 down to 0, 0.5; SHARK from 2, 6 down to 2, 1.5; SALMON from 4, 6 down to 4, 2.5; FROG from 6, 6 down to 6, 3.5; LIZARD from 8, 6 down to 8, 4.5; MOUSE from 10, 6 down to 10, 4.5. Node bars are horizontal lines: from 8, 4.5 to 10, 4.5; from 6, 3.5 to 9, 3.5; from 4, 2.5 to 7.5, 2.5; from 2, 1.5 to 5.75, 1.5; from 0, 0.5 to 3.875, 0.5. Node stems are vertical lines dropping from the middle of each bar to the next bar down: from 9, 4.5 to 9, 3.5; from 7.5, 3.5 to 7.5, 2.5; from 5.75, 2.5 to 5.75, 1.5; from 3.875, 1.5 to 3.875, 0.5; and the root from 1.9375, 0.5 down to 1.9375, -0.5. Label the tips in 0.22-inch text centered 0.35 above each tip: "LAMPREY" at 0, 6.35; "SHARK" at 2, 6.35; "SALMON" at 4, 6.35; "FROG" at 6, 6.35; "LIZARD" at 8, 6.35; "MOUSE" at 10, 6.35. Mark the shared derived trait on each stem with a short horizontal tick 0.3 wide crossing the stem at its midpoint, and the trait name in 0.2-inch text middle-left anchored 0.3 to the right of the stem: tick from 8.85, 4.0 to 9.15, 4.0 with "AMNIOTIC EGG" at 9.3, 4.0; tick from 7.35, 3.0 to 7.65, 3.0 with "FOUR LIMBS" at 7.8, 3.0; tick from 5.6, 2.0 to 5.9, 2.0 with "BONY SKELETON" at 6.05, 2.0; tick from 3.725, 1.0 to 4.025, 1.0 with "JAWS" at 4.2, 1.0; tick from 1.7875, 0 to 2.0875, 0 with "VERTEBRAE" at 2.25, 0. Title "CLADOGRAM — SIX VERTEBRATES, ROOTED" in 0.3-inch text centered at 5, 7.2. Two 0.22-inch notes centered at x = 5: "EACH TICK MARKS A SHARED DERIVED TRAIT (SYNAPOMORPHY) OF EVERYTHING ABOVE IT" at y = -1.3 and "BRANCH LENGTHS ARE NOT TO SCALE — TOPOLOGY ONLY" at y = -1.7. Run check_overlaps when you are done and fix anything it flags.”

Axes: the temperature axis a line from 0, 0 to 10, 0 with a FILLED triangle arrowhead — filled solid black, not an outline — corners 10, -0.12 and 10, 0.12, tip 10.3, 0; the pressure axis a line from 0, 0 to 0, 7 with arrowhead corners -0.12, 7 and 0.12, 7, tip 0, 7.3. Axis titles in 0.22-inch text: "TEMPERATURE →" centered at 8, -0.5 and "PRESSURE →" rotated 90 degrees centered at -0.9, 3.5. The sublimation curve is a polyline through 0.5, 0.3 then 1.5, 0.7 then 2.4, 1.3 then 3, 2. The vaporization curve is a polyline through 3, 2 then 4.5, 2.7 then 6, 3.6 then 7.2, 4.8 then 8, 6. The fusion curve leans to the left as it rises: a polyline through 3, 2 then 2.85, 4 then 2.7, 7. Mark the triple point with a filled circle of radius 0.08 at 3, 2 and the critical point with a filled circle of radius 0.08 at 8, 6. Region labels in 0.3-inch text: "SOLID" centered at 1.2, 4.5; "LIQUID" centered at 4.8, 5.5; "GAS (VAPOR)" centered at 7.2, 1.5. Point labels in 0.2-inch text: "TRIPLE POINT 0.01 °C, 611 Pa" middle-left anchored at 3.3, 1.6; "CRITICAL POINT 374 °C, 22.1 MPa" middle-right anchored at 7.7, 6.3. The 1 atm line: a DASHED horizontal line from 0, 2.9 to 10, 2.9 labelled "1 atm" in 0.2-inch text middle-left anchored at 10.2, 2.9. Where it crosses the fusion curve, at 2.933, 2.9, and the vaporization curve, at 4.833, 2.9, drop DASHED vertical lines to the temperature axis — from 2.933, 2.9 to 2.933, 0 and from 4.833, 2.9 to 4.833, 0 — and label them "0 °C" centered at 2.93, -0.4 and "100 °C" centered at 4.83, -0.4 in 0.2-inch text. Title "PHASE DIAGRAM OF WATER (SCHEMATIC, NOT TO SCALE)" in 0.3-inch text centered at 5, 8.0. Two 0.22-inch notes centered at x = 5: "THE FUSION CURVE LEANS LEFT: ICE MELTS UNDER PRESSURE, BECAUSE ICE IS LESS DENSE THAN WATER" at y = -1.2 and "AT 1 atm THE FUSION AND VAPORIZATION CURVES ARE CROSSED AT 0 °C AND 100 °C" at y = -1.6. Run check_overlaps when you are done and fix anything it flags.”

Each nuclide is a rectangle 1.2 wide and 0.5 tall with its name in 0.2-inch text centered inside: U-238 with lower-left corner 9.4, 5.35; Th-234 at 4.4, 3.95; Pa-234 at 6.9, 3.25; U-234 at 9.4, 2.55; Th-230 at 4.4, 1.15; Ra-226 at -0.6, -0.25. Decay arrows run from the edge of one box to the edge of the next, each a line plus a FILLED triangle arrowhead — filled solid black, not an outline: U-238 to Th-234, line from 9.4, 5.432 to 5.889, 4.449, arrowhead corners 5.916, 4.353 and 5.862, 4.545, tip 5.6, 4.368; Th-234 to Pa-234, line from 5.6, 4.032 to 6.611, 3.749, corners 6.638, 3.845 and 6.584, 3.653, tip 6.9, 3.668; Pa-234 to U-234, line from 8.1, 3.332 to 9.111, 3.049, corners 9.138, 3.145 and 9.084, 2.953, tip 9.4, 2.968; U-234 to Th-230, line from 9.4, 2.632 to 5.889, 1.649, corners 5.916, 1.553 and 5.862, 1.745, tip 5.6, 1.568; Th-230 to Ra-226, line from 4.4, 1.232 to 0.889, 0.249, corners 0.916, 0.153 and 0.862, 0.345, tip 0.6, 0.168. Label each arrow in 0.18-inch text centered just above its middle: "α 4.5 Gy" at 7.5, 5.25; "β 24 d" at 6.25, 4.2; "β 6.7 h" at 8.75, 3.5; "α 245 ky" at 7.5, 2.45; "α 75 ky" at 2.5, 1.05. Axes: a line from -1.5, -1.0 to 12, -1.0 and a line from -1.5, -1.0 to -1.5, 6.5. Along the bottom, in 0.2-inch text, the proton numbers "88", "89", "90", "91", "92" centered at x = 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 on y = -1.3, and the element symbols "Ra", "Ac", "Th", "Pa", "U" at the same x on y = -1.6; the axis title "PROTON NUMBER Z" centered at 5.25, -2.0. Up the left, the neutron numbers "138", "140", "142", "144", "146" middle-right anchored at x = -1.9 on y = 0, 1.4, 2.8, 4.2, 5.6; the axis title "NEUTRON NUMBER N" rotated 90 degrees centered at -2.7, 2.8. Title "URANIUM-238 DECAY SERIES — FIRST FIVE STEPS ON THE N–Z CHART" in 0.3-inch text centered at 5.25, 6.6. Two 0.22-inch notes centered at x = 5.25: "α: Z − 2, N − 2 (DOWN AND LEFT); β⁻: Z + 1, N − 1 (DOWN AND RIGHT); HALF-LIFE ON EACH ARROW" at y = -2.6 and "THE SERIES CONTINUES Ra-226 → Rn-222 → … → Pb-206 (STABLE), 14 STEPS IN ALL" at y = -3.0. Run check_overlaps when you are done and fix anything it flags.”

Everything below is in inches, X across and Y up. Head: a circle for the cranium, center (0, 5.25) radius 2.75, so the top of the skull is at y = 8 and the sides at x = ±2.75. The jaw is one polyline from (-2.75, 4.0) down through (-2.2, 1.3) to the chin at (-0.9, 0), across to (0.9, 0), up through (2.2, 1.3) to (2.75, 4.0). Guide lines, dashed, red, each from x = -4.5 to x = 4.5, with its name in 0.2-inch red text just past the right end: HAIRLINE at y = 6.75, BROW at y = 4.5, EYE LINE at y = 4.0, NOSE at y = 2.25, MOUTH at y = 1.5, CHIN at y = 0. A dashed red vertical centerline from (0, -0.5) to (0, 8.5). Features, black: irises as circles radius 0.28 centered at (-1.1, 4.0) and (1.1, 4.0); each eye outline an upper arc and a lower arc between the eye's inner corner and outer corner, corners at x = ±0.55 and x = ±1.65 on the eye line, each arc bulging 0.28 away from the line. Brows as arcs from (±0.5, 4.5) to (±1.75, 4.5) bulging 0.2 upward. Nose: a line from (-0.3, 4.0) to (-0.55, 2.25), a line from (0.3, 4.0) to (0.55, 2.25), and the base from (-0.55, 2.25) to (0.55, 2.25). Mouth: a line from (-1.1, 1.5) to (1.1, 1.5). Ears: an arc on each side from (±2.75, 4.5) to (±2.75, 2.25) bulging 0.45 outward. Dimensions. The stacked thirds go on the LEFT, anchored at the left ends of the guide lines (x = -4.5) so the extension lines stay short: CHIN to NOSE, NOSE to BROW, BROW to HAIRLINE, dimension line at x = -5.2, each reading 2.25. The overall CHIN to top of skull, anchored at (-4.5, 0) and (-4.5, 8), dimension line at x = -6.2, reading 8.00. The width across the cranium, anchored at (-2.75, 5.25) and (2.75, 5.25), dimension line just above the skull at y = 8.6, reading 5.50. Under the eyes, on one dimension line at y = 3.3 with the text above the line: one eye's width from (0.55, 4.0) to (1.65, 4.0) reading 1.10, and the gap between the eyes from (-0.55, 4.0) to (0.55, 4.0) reading 1.10. Do not move any dimension text off its line. Title "HEAD PROPORTIONS — FRONT VIEW" in 0.3-inch text centered at (0, 9.6), and a note "HAIRLINE-BROW-NOSE-CHIN IN EQUAL THIRDS; EYES ON THE HALFWAY LINE, ONE EYE-WIDTH APART; EARS BETWEEN BROW AND NOSE" in 0.2-inch text centered at (0, -1.5). Run check_overlaps when you are done and fix anything it flags.”